Python Modules With Examples

Angles can be measured either by degrees or by radians. Sometimes you have to convert degrees to radians and vice versa. The math module provides functions that let you do so. The power function takes any number x as input, raises x to some power n, and returns xn as output.

To convert a given angle from radians to degrees, use the math.degrees(), and to convert a given angle from degrees to radians, use math.radians(x). This tutorial will explore the common constants and functions implemented in the math module — and how to use them. Python has also a built-in module called math, which extends the list of mathematical functions.

It also defines some mathematical constants like π (pie),e (Euler’s number) as well. Math is a built-in module in the Python 3 standard library that provides standard mathematical constants and functions. You can use the math module to perform various mathematical calculations, such as numeric, trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential calculations. Some of the most popular mathematical functions are defined in the math module. These include trigonometric functions, representation functions, logarithmic functions, angle conversion functions, etc. In addition, two mathematical constants are also defined in this module.

This function takes one number as an argument and returns the logarithm of x to the base 10 i.e. log10(x). This is better than math.log(x,10) as math.log10(x) is more accurate than the former. This function takes one number as an argument and returns the logarithm of x to the base 2 i.e. log2(x).

As you can see, you can’t input a negative value to log(). This is because log values are undefined for negative numbers and zero. As you can see, the half-life is set to 38.1 and the duration is set python math libraries to 100 years. By substituting the values to the equation you can find that, after 100 years, 16.22mg of Sr-90 remains. Scientific research has identified the half-lives of all radioactive elements.

Python MongoDB

In this section, you will briefly learn about some of the other important functions available in the math module. Fortunately, the math module provides a function called isclose() that lets you set your own threshold, or tolerance, for closeness. It returns True if two numbers are within your established tolerance for closeness and otherwise returns False.

If the base is any other number except 0, then the function will return a valid power value. When the value is positive (4.23), the function returns the next integer greater than the value (5). When the value is negative (-11.453), the function likewise returns the next integer greater than the value (-11). Tau (τ) is the ratio of a circle’s circumference to its radius.

Raises TypeError if either of the arguments are not integers. Raises ValueError if either of the arguments are negative. Return the ceiling of x, the smallest integer greater than or equal to x. If x is not a float, delegates to x.__ceil__,
which should return an Integral value. For example, earlier we have defined a function add() in the module example. In Python, we can use the dir() function to list all the function names in a module.

Finding the power of a number

There is a built-in function, pow(), that is different from math.pow(). You will learn the difference later in this section. Trunc() behaves the same as floor() for positive numbers.

Ceil value means the smallest integral value greater than the number and the floor value means the greatest integral value smaller than the number. This can be easily calculated using the ceil() and floor() method respectively. The greatest common divisor (GCD) of two positive numbers is the largest positive integer that divides both numbers without a remainder. You can substitute the known values to the equation to calculate the half-life of a radioactive substance. The Python documentation also mentions that log10() is more accurate than log(x, 10) even though both functions have the same objective. In the formula above, the value of the base x is raised to the power of n.

As our program grows bigger, it may contain many lines of code. Instead of putting everything in a single file, we can use modules to separate codes in separate files as per their functionality. This makes our code organized and easier to maintain. In this tutorial, you will learn to create and import custom modules in Python. Also, you will find different techniques to import and use custom and built-in modules in Python. The cosine of an angle is the ratio of the length of the adjacent side to the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle.

As you can see, the return value of both functions is the same. With trunc(), negative numbers are always rounded upward toward zero and positive numbers are always rounded downward toward zero. The sample above illustrates the results of timeit() for each of the three factorial https://forexhero.info/ methods. Inputting a negative value will result in a ValueError reading factorial() not defined for negative values. Number theory is a branch of pure mathematics, which is the study of natural numbers. Number theory usually deals with positive whole numbers or integers.

• The dir() function is useful when working with Python objects, as it allows you to explore their available attributes and methods.
• These include trigonometric functions, representation functions, logarithmic functions, angle conversion functions, etc.
• The math.inf constant returns of positive infinity.
• When the iterable is empty, return the start value.
• The heart of NumPy is the high-performance N-dimensional (multidimensional) array data structure.

When working with scalar values, math module functions can be faster than their NumPy counterparts. This is because the NumPy functions convert the values to arrays under the hood in order to perform calculations on them. NumPy is much faster when working with N-dimensional arrays because of the optimizations for them. Except for fsum() and prod(), the math module functions can’t handle arrays. Several notable Python libraries can be used for mathematical calculations. One of the most prominent libraries is Numerical Python, or NumPy.

This approach returns the desired output with a minimal amount of code. The use of tau as the circle constant, however, is still under debate. You have the freedom to use either 2π or τ as necessary. See also math.nextafter() and sys.float_info.epsilon. If k is not specified or is None, then k defaults to n
and the function returns n!.

Power and Logarithmic Functions

But when using factorial(), you don’t have to worry about disaster cases because the function handles them all. Therefore, it’s a best practice to use factorial() whenever possible. In this article, you’ll learn all about Python’s math module. Whether or not two values are considered close is determined according to
given absolute and relative tolerances.

Not a number, or NaN, isn’t really a mathematical concept. It originated in the computer science field as a reference to values that are not numeric. A NaN value can be due to invalid inputs, or it can indicate that a variable that should be numerical has been corrupted by text characters or symbols. Many mathematical expressions use 2π, and using tau instead can help simplify your equations. For example, instead of calculating the circumference of a circle with 2πr, we can substitute tau and use the simpler equation τr. In this section, you’ll learn about the constants and how to use them in your Python code.

The math.gcd() method returns the greatest common denominator for two numbers; we can use it to reduce fractions. There are several built-in constants in the math module. We’ll cover some of the most important constants in this section. The value of the function grows rapidly as the x value increases. If the base is greater than 1, then the function continuously increases in value as x increases. A special property of exponential functions is that the slope of the function also continuously increases as x increases.

Python Math module’s Numeric Functions

There is no
separate cmath module function for this operation. The math.exp() method returns E raised to the power of x (Ex). Note that math.factorial() only works with positive integers. If you pass a negative number or a floating-point number, it will raise a ValueError.

• If you ever want to find the sum of the values of an iterable without using a loop, then math.fsum() is probably the easiest way to do so.
• After reading this blog, you would learn about the various mathematical functions available in Python & how to use them in your own code.
• A built-in function called sum() lets you calculate the sum of iterables as well, but fsum() is more accurate than sum().

If object is specified, dir() returns a list of names in the specified object’s scope. But, the math.prod() function is better in terms of efficiency if you would calculate the time of execution for both the approaches and compare them. Refer to the below articles to get detailed information about the trigonometric and angular functions. Sqrt() function returns the square root of the number.

Here a is the base of the logarithm, which can be any number. You learned about exponential functions in a previous section. Exponential functions can be expressed in the form of logarithmic functions and vice versa. These functions cannot be used with complex numbers; use the functions of the
same name from the cmath module if you require support for complex
numbers.

Now it’s time to start applying what you learned to real-life situations. If you have any questions or comments, then please leave them in the comments section below. The functions of the Python math module aren’t equipped to handle complex numbers. However, Python provides a different module that can specifically deal with complex numbers, the cmath module. The Python math module is complemented by the cmath module, which implements many of the same functions but for complex numbers. If you want to convert degrees to radians, then you can use math.radians().

Although you might get different timings depending on your CPU, the order of the functions should be the same. Rather, it’s a mathematical concept representing something that is never-ending or boundless. Infinity can go in either direction, positive or negative.

This is better than math.log(x,2) as math.log2(x) is more accurate than the former. Infinity basically means something which is never-ending or boundless from both directions i.e. negative and positive. The math.inf constant returns of positive infinity. The Python math module has many useful functions for mathematical calculations, and this article only covered a few of them in depth.

In simple terms, consider a module as a library that has some prewritten code that could be reused in your code. After reading this blog, you would learn about the various mathematical functions available in Python & how to use them in your own code. Here is the list of all the functions and attributes defined in math module with a brief explanation of what they do. You all must know about Trigonometric and how it may become difficult to find the values of sine and cosine values of any angle. Math module provides built-in functions to find such values and even to change the values between degrees and radians.

It is mainly used in scientific computing and in data science fields. Unlike the math module, which is part of the standard Python release, you have to install NumPy in order to work with it. You can calculate the sine value of an angle with math.sin(), the cosine value with math.cos(), and the tangent value with math.tan(). The math module also provides functions to calculate arc sine with math.asin(), arc cosine with math.acos(), and arc tangent with math.atan(). Finally, you can calculate the hypotenuse of a triangle using math.hypot().